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What is DB-API?
The Python Database API (DB-API) is a standardized interface that allows Python applications to interact with relational databases using a consistent connection method. The DB-API specification, defined in PEP 249, ensures that database connections, queries, and results can be handled in a uniform manner across different database management systems (DBMS).
Key features of Python DB API
- Consistency: A common interface for different databases, making it easier to switch between backends.
- Flexibility: Supports various database drivers, allowing integration with databases such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, SQLite, and Oracle.
- Efficiency: Manages database connections, cursors, and transactions efficiently.
- Security: Includes mechanisms to prevent SQL injection attacks through parameterized queries.
Key components of Python DB API
1. Database connection
Establish a connection using the respective database credentials.
Example: Connecting to a PostgreSQL database using psycopg2:
import psycopg2
conn = psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user="user", password="password", host="localhost", port="5432")
2. Cursors and query execution
The cursor object is used to execute queries and fetch data.
Example: Fetching data from a table:
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM employees")
rows = cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)
3. Parameterization for security
Prevents SQL injection by using placeholders instead of direct string concatenation.
Example:
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
4. Closing connections
Always close the cursor and connection to free up resources:
cursor.close()
conn.close()
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